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gS 0 0 552 730 rC
87 53 :M
f0_14 sf
3.479 .348(The Phoenix Project: Distributed Hypermedia Authoring)J
198 76 :M
f1_12 sf
.14 .014(M. G. Lavenant & J. A. Kruper)J
156 100 :M
-.173(Biological Sciences Division Academic Computing)A
213 112 :M
-.095(The University of Chicago)A
231 124 :M
.073 .007(924 E. 57th. Street)J
203 136 :M
-.012(Chicago, IL 60637-5415 USA)A
120 171 :M
f0_10 sf
.793(ABSTRACT)A
42 193 :M
f1_10 sf
(The Biological Sciences Division Office of Academic)S
42 204 :M
.3 .03(Computing \(BSDAC\) at the University of Chicago is)J
42 215 :M
.392 .039(the primary resource for support and development of)J
42 226 :M
.684 .068(instructional and research computing applications in)J
42 237 :M
.569 .057(the biomedical sciences. Driven by the goal to unify)J
42 248 :M
.97 .097(traditionally isolated teaching, research and clinical)J
42 259 :M
.548 .055(computing resources, the group has initiated a broad)J
42 270 :M
2.56 .256(scale development effort known as the Phoenix)J
42 281 :M
.026(Project.)A
42 303 :M
1.895 .19(The aim of the Phoenix Project is to develop an)J
42 314 :M
-.038(integrated academic information system providing full)A
42 325 :M
3.357 .336(Internet connectivity and wide-area distributed)J
42 336 :M
3.211 .321(hypermedia authoring services to the students,)J
42 347 :M
1.178 .118(teachers, researchers, clinicians, and administrators)J
42 358 :M
.27 .027(who comprise BSDAC's user base. While the World-)J
42 369 :M
-.02(Wide-Web and its underlying data standards, HTML+)A
42 380 :M
2.482 .248(and HTTP, provide a flexible and yet powerful)J
42 391 :M
.947 .095(foundation for such a computing environment, they)J
42 402 :M
1.36 .136(also present, in their current implementations, two)J
42 413 :M
2.188 .219(significant limitations with respect to distributed)J
42 424 :M
1.799 .18(hypermedia authoring: the lack of a user-friendly)J
42 435 :M
6.225 .622(cross-platform HTML authoring tool, and)J
42 446 :M
1.006 .101(rudimentary wide-area authentication/ authorization)J
42 457 :M
.675 .067(service integration. Our development effort over the)J
42 468 :M
.856 .086(past nine months has thus been twofold: to develop)J
42 479 :M
1.325 .133(an effective X-windows based WYSIWYG HTML)J
42 490 :M
2.515 .252(browser/editor, and to construct a prototype for)J
42 501 :M
.302 .03(integrated wide-area authentication and authorization)J
42 512 :M
(support for HTTP service.)S
42 534 :M
1.3 .13(In this paper, we outline the design principles and)J
42 545 :M
.799 .08(application features present in the Phoenix software)J
42 556 :M
2.741 .274(environment. We also suggest improvements to)J
42 567 :M
.917 .092(current WWW-based standards, and describe future)J
42 578 :M
.542 .054(directions for Phoenix development efforts. Finally,)J
42 589 :M
.216 .022(we present selected examples of how our user base is)J
42 600 :M
1.433 .143(applying Phoenix utilities to further the Division's)J
42 611 :M
1.126 .113(tripartite mission of advancing research, education,)J
42 622 :M
-.112(and patient care.)A
311 171 :M
f0_10 sf
3.492 .349(INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND)J
294 193 :M
f1_10 sf
4.505 .451(The University of Chicago has a long and)J
294 204 :M
.392 .039(distinguished history of excellence and innovation in)J
294 215 :M
2.908 .291(the areas of biological research and education.)J
294 226 :M
3.07 .307(Beginning with the efforts of Robert Maynard)J
294 237 :M
.98 .098(Hutchins, and continuing with John Dewey, Joseph)J
294 248 :M
1.322 .132(Schwaub, and today's current faculty, Chicago has)J
294 259 :M
2.612 .261(maintained a high commitment to leadership in)J
294 270 :M
3.944 .394(education. The University remains the only)J
294 281 :M
1.49 .149(institution in the United States in which the basic)J
294 292 :M
.393 .039(science and medical faculties share responsibility for)J
294 303 :M
1.433 .143(teaching in the biological sciences on every level,)J
294 314 :M
.939 .094(from undergraduate to postdoctoral, and Chicago is)J
294 325 :M
2.334 .233(one of only a few Universities that maintains a)J
294 336 :M
-.016(biology core requirement for all students regardless of)A
294 347 :M
.035(major.)A
294 369 :M
.556 .056(The roughly 700 faculty members in the Division of)J
294 380 :M
4.267 .427(the Biological Sciences form eleven clinical)J
294 391 :M
2.804 .28(departments, six basic science departments, ten)J
294 402 :M
1.164 .116(multidisciplinary academic committees, and twelve)J
294 413 :M
.679 .068(auxiliary and administrative departments. Over 200)J
294 424 :M
1.97 .197(academic courses serve a student population that)J
294 435 :M
.979 .098(includes 1,000 undergraduates, nearly 300 graduate)J
294 446 :M
2.775 .278(students \(affiliated with sixteen degree-granting)J
294 457 :M
3.251 .325(departments and committees that comprise the)J
294 468 :M
1.879 .188(Division's basic science programs\), and over 435)J
294 479 :M
1.489 .149(medical students. The Division is responsible for)J
294 490 :M
2.617 .262(education across the spectrum of the biological)J
294 501 :M
.956 .096(sciences -- from outreach programs for high school)J
294 512 :M
5.466 .547(students and high school teachers, to the)J
294 523 :M
-.062(undergraduate college, to doctoral research, to medical)A
294 534 :M
.431 .043(education, to postdoctoral, residency, and continuing)J
294 545 :M
-.148(medical education.)A
294 567 :M
1.072 .107(It is in direct support of this community's tripartite)J
294 578 :M
.147 .015(mission of advancing research, education, and patient)J
294 589 :M
4.23 .423(care that BSDAC has initiated a pioneering)J
294 600 :M
-.004(computing effort called the Phoenix Project.)A
294 622 :M
f0_10 sf
3.634 .363(The Phoenix Project)J
294 644 :M
f1_10 sf
.889 .089(Computing at the University of Chicago, like many)J
294 655 :M
.581 .058(other institutions, has been "balkanized" through the)J
294 666 :M
2.484 .248(creation of separate, non-overlapping computing)J
294 677 :M
-.025(resources for hospital administration, clinical practice,)A
endp
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-30 -31 :T
gS 30 31 552 730 rC
72 81 :M
f1_10 sf
.946 .095(teaching, and research. As a result, individuals are)J
72 92 :M
.656 .066(unable to operate from a common desktop platform.)J
72 103 :M
.321 .032(Instead, they must master multiple operating systems)J
72 114 :M
1.348 .135(running on computers that are physically separate.)J
72 125 :M
1.786 .179(Thus, individuals who, for example, use personal)J
72 136 :M
-.032(computers extensively for analysis and presentation of)A
72 147 :M
1.513 .151(research results fail to incorporate computing into)J
72 158 :M
1.883 .188(other professional activities such as teaching and)J
72 169 :M
.416 .042(patient care. The goals of the Phoenix Project are to)J
72 180 :M
1.499 .15(improve our ability to deliver high quality patient)J
72 191 :M
2.797 .28(care, to provide instruction and training in the)J
72 202 :M
-.021(biomedical sciences, and to advance clinical and basic)A
72 213 :M
1.051 .105(science research by integrating these disparate data)J
72 224 :M
3.461 .346(sources through a common, readily accessible)J
72 235 :M
-.005(interface: the Phoenix Workstation.)A
72 257 :M
1.997 .2(The first tangible expression of these ambitious)J
72 268 :M
1.017 .102(goals is an integrated academic information system)J
72 279 :M
1.653 .165(providing full Internet connectivity and wide-area)J
72 290 :M
1.347 .135(distributed hypermedia authoring services. As the)J
72 301 :M
1.076 .108(next two sections detail, this system has been built)J
72 312 :M
.232 .023(upon the World Wide Web architecture, and includes)J
72 323 :M
1.694 .169(two significant areas of enhancements within this)J
72 334 :M
5.554 .555(framework: an effective X-Windows based)J
72 345 :M
.833 .083(WYSIWYG HTML browser/editor, and a prototype)J
72 356 :M
5.351 .535(for integrated wide-area authentication and)J
72 367 :M
-.019(authorization support for HTTP service)A
101 400 :M
f0_10 sf
2.445 .245(THE PHOENIX HTML EDITOR)J
72 422 :M
f1_10 sf
-.049(Our adoption of HTML as the defining data format for)A
72 433 :M
3.014 .301(the Phoenix workstation was motivated by the)J
72 444 :M
1.057 .106(format's power and flexibility -- qualities that have)J
72 455 :M
.653 .065(been amply demonstrated by the growth of the Web)J
72 466 :M
.076 .008(over the past year. While this growth is remarkable in)J
72 477 :M
1.767 .177(and of itself, it is all the more so in light of the)J
72 488 :M
.532 .053(absence of a user-friendly HTML editor. Indeed, the)J
72 499 :M
2.788 .279(Web author's toolbox, which currently contains)J
72 510 :M
3.989 .399(conversion utilities \(rtf2html, LaTeXtoHTML,)J
72 521 :M
.446 .045(ps2html\) and rudimentary HTML editors \(tkWWW,)J
72 532 :M
.897 .09(NextStep editor, the WYSIWYG Hypercard Stack,)J
72 543 :M
3.231 .323(EMACS HTML-mode\), still lacks an effective)J
72 554 :M
.451 .045(authoring tool that we can deliver to the members of)J
72 565 :M
.254 .025(our user community.)J
72 587 :M
1.189 .119(Like most providers of information and computing)J
72 598 :M
.421 .042(services, we cater to a heterogeneous group of users,)J
72 609 :M
1.193 .119(both in terms of their comfort and familiarity with)J
72 620 :M
.395 .039(computers, and with respect to their installed base of)J
72 631 :M
2.679 .268(hardware. Our foremost concern in defining a)J
72 642 :M
1.813 .181(development strategy for the Phoenix Project has)J
72 653 :M
-.011(been to address this heterogeneity among our users by)A
72 664 :M
.29 .029(providing them with an editor that would be intuitive)J
72 675 :M
2.583 .258(and yet full-featured, and in addition would be)J
72 686 :M
.249 .025(accessible from the three preferred operating systems)J
72 697 :M
1.32 .132(on campus: Macintosh, MS DOS/WINDOWS, and)J
72 708 :M
-.121(UNIX.)A
324 81 :M
2.987 .299(Of the existing HTML authoring tools, Joseph)J
324 92 :M
4.506 .451(Wang's tkWWW nearly satisfied our design)J
324 103 :M
4.267 .427(specification. Written in the Tool Command)J
324 114 :M
-.012(Language \(TCL\) and its associated X-Windows based)A
324 125 :M
.68 .068(Tool Kit \(Tk\), it can be delivered to all three of our)J
324 136 :M
4.163 .416(target platforms via the X-Windows service.)J
324 147 :M
1.741 .174(Furthermore, it is one of the few existing editors)J
324 158 :M
2.797 .28(\(along with the Next editor\) to support a near)J
324 169 :M
.612 .061(WYSIWYG editor interface. While it suffers from a)J
324 180 :M
1.117 .112(number of significant shortcomings with respect to)J
324 191 :M
2.285 .229(our particular needs \(a relatively awkward user-)J
324 202 :M
5.445 .545(interface, error-prone performance, difficult)J
324 213 :M
.99 .099(installation, and incomplete support of the HTML+)J
324 224 :M
1.763 .176(specification including in-line images, forms, and)J
324 235 :M
-.026(various text-format types\), we judged it could serve as)A
324 246 :M
-.06(an effective springboard from which we could develop)A
324 257 :M
-.044(an editor tailored to our particular design objectives.)A
324 279 :M
1.53 .153(We thus built the Phoenix editor around tkWWW)J
324 290 :M
.591 .059(\(version 0.9\), and owe a great deal to Joseph Wang)J
324 301 :M
.89 .089(and to the considerable work he has invested in his)J
324 312 :M
.319 .032(original editor. While we have remedied many of the)J
324 323 :M
.888 .089(shortcomings we perceived in the original tkWWW)J
324 334 :M
1.477 .148(design, Phoenix is still in beta release undergoing)J
324 345 :M
.626 .063(beta-testing by our Divisional community. This beta)J
324 356 :M
-.056(release, enhanced with the features described below, is)A
324 367 :M
1.986 .199(currently running both locally on Unix machines)J
324 378 :M
.276 .028(\(System V\) and remotely, served to Macintosh or PC)J
324 389 :M
4.454 .445(platforms running X-server software. More)J
324 400 :M
1.798 .18(importantly, it is proving to be an effective Web)J
324 411 :M
.18 .018(authoring tool in the hands of our initial beta testers.)J
324 433 :M
f0_10 sf
4.343 .434(Phoenix Features)J
324 455 :M
f2_10 sf
-.201(Interface enhancements)A
324 477 :M
f1_10 sf
.429 .043(Much of our development effort has been devoted to)J
324 488 :M
1.108 .111(enhancing the Phoenix editor's interface. We have)J
324 499 :M
1.809 .181(pursued this objective by adhering to the general)J
324 510 :M
.155 .015(interface format of the Macintosh, which as the most)J
324 521 :M
1.564 .156(popular hardware platform on campus, is also the)J
324 532 :M
1.089 .109(most familiar to our users. Wherever there exists a)J
324 543 :M
-.033(correspondence between a Phoenix feature or function)A
324 554 :M
.355 .035(and a similar one on the Macintosh, we have defined)J
324 565 :M
4.514 .451(the Phoenix behavior to mimic that of the)J
324 576 :M
1.957 .196(Macintosh. For instance, Cut, Copy and Paste in)J
324 587 :M
6.259 .626(Phoenix have key-bindings and behaviors)J
324 598 :M
.081 .008(corresponding to those on the Macintosh. Moreover,)J
324 609 :M
3.567 .357(we have enabled Macintoshes running remote)J
324 620 :M
1.178 .118(Phoenix clients through their X-server to share the)J
324 631 :M
1.315 .132(contents of their clipboard with the Phoenix client)J
324 642 :M
2.63 .263(both to reinforce this common interface and to)J
324 653 :M
.11 .011(facilitate the integration of the editor within the user's)J
324 664 :M
-.007(local \(Macintosh\) application environment.)A
324 686 :M
-.011(However, this general approach cannot be adopted for)A
324 697 :M
.932 .093(Phoenix features that lack a Macintosh counterpart.)J
324 708 :M
1.66 .166(In these cases we have attempted to maintain the)J
endp
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gS 30 31 552 730 rC
72 81 :M
f1_10 sf
.522 .052(general spirit of the Macintosh interface and suggest)J
72 92 :M
1.174 .117(what their eventual behaviors should become. For)J
72 103 :M
-.027(example, clipboard commands treat a link as an object)A
72 114 :M
1.463 .146(and operate on the HREF markup element and its)J
72 125 :M
2.509 .251(enclosed anchor as a whole, rather than simply)J
72 136 :M
.585 .059(treating it as text. Correspondingly, double-clicking)J
72 147 :M
.534 .053(on a link invokes a dialog window through which to)J
72 158 :M
.087 .009(edit the properties of the link.)J
72 180 :M
2.526 .253(The Web's greatest departure from the standard)J
72 191 :M
2.139 .214(Macintosh or PC interface lies in its transparent)J
72 202 :M
-.031(integration of distributed documents and file services.)A
72 213 :M
1.261 .126(While interface paradigms exist for conventionally)J
72 224 :M
.341 .034(distributed file systems \(Appleshare, NFS, etc.\), they)J
72 235 :M
4.457 .446(typically represent file systems that support)J
72 246 :M
-.011(standalone documents lacking a comparable degree of)A
72 257 :M
.105 .011(integration. We have therefore chosen to depart from)J
72 268 :M
3.437 .344(the standard file system interface and instead)J
72 279 :M
1.73 .173(transparently provide file services to our Phoenix)J
72 290 :M
1.157 .116(users. While allowing direct access to HTML and)J
72 301 :M
1.105 .11(HTTP for the cognoscenti, we also provide a user-)J
72 312 :M
.253 .025(friendly interface in which URLs, HTTP servers, and)J
72 323 :M
.47 .047(comparably intimidating creatures are hidden behind)J
72 334 :M
2.797 .28(aliases. Thus, all basic file operations can be)J
72 345 :M
1.111 .111(performed via indirect references to the underlying)J
72 356 :M
.761 .076(URLs, user and group names that use existing URL)J
72 367 :M
.923 .092(aliases \(such as Hotlist, and History items\), as well)J
72 378 :M
-.027(as novel aliases corresponding to users and groups.)A
72 400 :M
f2_10 sf
.162 .016(Additional HTML+ Support)J
72 422 :M
f1_10 sf
4.237 .424(We intend to support currently implemented)J
72 433 :M
3.061 .306(provisions of the HTML+ specification and to)J
72 444 :M
1.482 .148(maintain our Phoenix HTML+ support apace with)J
72 455 :M
1.648 .165(the evolution of the specification itself \(including)J
72 466 :M
(forms and tables\). Toward this end, we have extended)S
72 477 :M
1.148 .115(tkWWW's support of HTML+ by providing in-line)J
72 488 :M
2.697 .27(image support \(GIF format\) in our beta-release)J
72 499 :M
2.625 .263(Phoenix editor in both browse and edit modes.)J
72 510 :M
.793 .079(Phoenix supports the markup)J
72 521 :M
1.087 .109(both within and outside ...)J
72 532 :M
1.163 .116(markup elements. The Phoenix clipboard supports)J
72 543 :M
1.349 .135(the IMG markup either as a link to the image file)J
72 554 :M
1.473 .147(specified in the IMG-URL, or as the image itself.)J
72 565 :M
.384 .038(The distinction between these two modes is made by)J
72 576 :M
2.031 .203(providing two paste commands: Paste, and Paste)J
72 587 :M
(Image. Cut and Copy remain unique.)S
81 620 :M
f0_10 sf
3.396 .34(DISTRIBUTED HTTP FILE SERVICES)J
72 642 :M
f1_10 sf
1.939 .194(The Web infrastructure we are deploying for the)J
72 653 :M
1.126 .113(Phoenix Workstation environment will consist of a)J
72 664 :M
.059 .006(dozen or so Web servers and hundreds of Web clients)J
72 675 :M
-.032(distributed around campus. Existing servers provide a)A
72 686 :M
1.386 .139(variety of information services, including personal)J
72 697 :M
.217 .022('desktop' file service, course information \(class notes,)J
72 708 :M
-.079(curricula, homework drop-off, quizzes\), and dedicated)A
324 81 :M
2.812 .281(content-based information archives \(bio-medical)J
324 92 :M
2.512 .251(images, Health Information Resources, Medline,)J
324 103 :M
.069 .007(etc.\). Users enjoy read-write access to these resources)J
324 114 :M
2.384 .238(according to the authoring/browsing permissions)J
324 125 :M
2.174 .217(governing them. Integrated organization of these)J
324 136 :M
-.052(distributed information resources is achieved using the)A
324 147 :M
4.445 .445(existing features of HTML and HTTP. The)J
324 158 :M
.685 .068(corresponding integration of user authentication and)J
324 169 :M
-.005(authorization, however, requires extending the feature)A
324 180 :M
.126 .013(set of current HTML/HTTP implementations.)J
324 202 :M
2.265 .227(Specifically, provisions for these services in the)J
324 213 :M
1.104 .11(leading HTTP servers are designed around locally)J
324 224 :M
.405 .04(maintained user name-space and access-control data)J
324 235 :M
2.409 .241(structures. While these solutions are not unduly)J
324 246 :M
1.152 .115(cumbersome within the existing Web environment,)J
324 257 :M
2.209 .221(\(predominantly world-read, local-write\), they are)J
324 268 :M
1.99 .199(insufficient to support the wide-area multi-server)J
324 279 :M
2.325 .232(authoring environment we are deploying for the)J
324 290 :M
.246 .025(roughly three thousand potential Phoenix users in the)J
324 301 :M
.227 .023(BSD. The model underlying our integrated wide-area)J
324 312 :M
1.157 .116(authentication and authorization support for NCSA)J
324 323 :M
.112 .011(HTTP1.2 service is outlined below.)J
324 345 :M
f0_10 sf
.702(Authentication)A
324 367 :M
f1_10 sf
1.261 .126(Two authentication models are currently available:)J
324 378 :M
3.46 .346(host filtering, and user-authentication. In host)J
324 389 :M
.075 .007(filtering, access is granted on the basis of the network)J
324 400 :M
1.071 .107(IP address of the client issuing the service request.)J
324 411 :M
3.229 .323(While this level of authentication is ideal for)J
324 422 :M
1.539 .154(distributing documents covered by site-licenses or)J
324 433 :M
.946 .095(organization level subscriptions, it is insufficient to)J
324 444 :M
1.656 .166(provide the granularity and security required of a)J
324 455 :M
1.615 .161(distributed file-system. User-authentication better)J
324 466 :M
1.031 .103(satisfies such requirements, but proves unwieldy in)J
324 477 :M
2.197 .22(its current implementation; access to "protected")J
324 488 :M
-.072(documents requires client software \(browser/editor\) to)A
324 499 :M
.742 .074(explicitly prompt the user to provide server-specific)J
324 510 :M
2.549 .255(authentication information \(name, password\) for)J
324 521 :M
.211 .021(HTTP requests of every server queried in a particular)J
324 532 :M
1.215 .121(session. The model's reliance on local user name-)J
324 543 :M
.192 .019(space precludes transparent HTTP service integration)J
324 554 :M
.179 .018(across multiple servers, from the perspectives of both)J
324 565 :M
-.031(users and system administrators.)A
324 587 :M
.113 .011(We are addressing these shortcomings in our Phoenix)J
324 598 :M
6.496 .65(environment by implementing the HTTP-)J
324 609 :M
-.024(specification's provision for Kerberos authentication:)A
324 627 :M
f3_7 sf
-.203(Authorization:kerberoskerberosauthenticationparameters)A
324 648 :M
f1_10 sf
2.896 .29(This solution relieves the HTTP server of any)J
324 659 :M
1.216 .122(ancillary authentication responsibility and provides)J
324 670 :M
2.607 .261(the client software with appropriate hooks to a)J
324 681 :M
2.592 .259(dedicated Division-wide Kerberos authentication)J
324 692 :M
-.154(server.)A
endp
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72 81 :M
f1_10 sf
3.84 .384(Upon launch, the Phoenix client \(X-windows)J
72 92 :M
2.063 .206(browser/editor\) prompts the user for a login and)J
72 103 :M
1.937 .194(password and obtains a ticket from the Kerberos)J
72 114 :M
1.455 .145(server. This ticket is used by the client to request)J
72 125 :M
1.825 .182(server-specific kerberos tickets from the kerberos)J
72 136 :M
.32 .032(ticket granting server. These Kerberos service tickets)J
72 147 :M
.438 .044(are then passed by the client to "Phoenicized" HTTP)J
72 158 :M
-.081(servers in subsequent service requests.)A
72 180 :M
1.762 .176(Our HTTP servers are correspondingly "Kerberos)J
72 191 :M
1.453 .145(aware," maintaining a kerberos key with which to)J
72 202 :M
1.082 .108(decrypt Kerberos tickets issued by Phoenix clients.)J
72 213 :M
.664 .066(Successful decryption of incoming Kerberos tickets,)J
72 224 :M
-.021(passed in the HTTP service requests, authenticates the)A
72 235 :M
.612 .061(identity of the requesting user. The HTTP request is)J
72 246 :M
1.001 .1(then passed, along with the decrypted username, to)J
72 257 :M
-.044(the server's authorization service to determine whether)A
72 268 :M
.565 .056(the particular request can be satisfied. Otherwise, an)J
72 279 :M
1.472 .147(error message is returned to the client. While this)J
72 290 :M
1.4 .14(scheme provides integration of HTTP service user)J
72 301 :M
4.197 .42(name-space and transparent authentication, it)J
72 312 :M
.974 .097(preserves the "flavor" of the WWW by supporting)J
72 323 :M
1.779 .178(the integration of a single user name-name space)J
72 334 :M
-.058(distributed across multiple Kerberos servers.)A
72 356 :M
f0_10 sf
.668(Authorization)A
72 378 :M
f1_10 sf
.161 .016(Current HTTP authorization models are based upon a)J
72 389 :M
1.472 .147(directory based organization of served documents.)J
72 400 :M
1.311 .131(According to this scheme, access is granted to the)J
72 411 :M
.112 .011(content of directories rather than to individual HTML)J
72 422 :M
.788 .079(documents )J
f2_10 sf
.519 .052(per se)J
f1_10 sf
.451 .045(. Files in a given directory are thus)J
72 433 :M
.399 .04(subject to identical access control, specified either in)J
72 444 :M
1.637 .164(the HTTP server's main configuration file or in a)J
72 455 :M
-.031(subsidiary control file located in the directory itself.)A
72 477 :M
5.157 .516(This approach suffers from three principal)J
72 488 :M
5.887 .589(limitations. First, it imposes an awkward)J
72 499 :M
.29 .029(document/directory structure upon the HTTP server's)J
72 510 :M
.226 .023(file-system, whereby documents are organized on the)J
72 521 :M
-.073(server according to access-permission rather than upon)A
72 532 :M
1.474 .147(a more "natural" basis such as content. Second, it)J
72 543 :M
.253 .025(provides no effective means of modifying the access)J
72 554 :M
.244 .024(permissions of individual documents without moving)J
72 565 :M
1.397 .14(them to a new location in the file-system, thereby)J
72 576 :M
.111 .011(breaking any existing hyper-links for which the given)J
72 587 :M
.801 .08(document is a target. Finally, it makes no provision)J
72 598 :M
-.09(for client-side document access-control management.)A
72 620 :M
f2_10 sf
.55 .055(The CTRL Markup element)J
72 642 :M
f1_10 sf
1.115 .112(Our answer to these limitations is to implement an)J
72 653 :M
4.684 .468(experimental HTML+ markup extension and)J
72 664 :M
1.186 .119(associated support services. We define the HEAD)J
72 675 :M
1.186 .119(HTML markup element, , to)J
72 686 :M
3.457 .346(specify the location of the access-control file)J
72 697 :M
-.028(governing the access to the document:)A
324 80 :M
f3_9 sf
-.478()A
324 90 :M
1.409 .141(Demonstration of The CRT markup)J
324 100 :M
-.427(element)A
324 110 :M
-.384()A
324 130 :M
-.598(...)A
324 140 :M
-.465()A
324 150 :M
-.478()A
324 160 :M
-.598(...)A
324 170 :M
-.465()A
324 192 :M
f1_10 sf
-.047(The access control files are served both in)A
324 203 :M
-.144(browser--->server and in server--->server requests.)A
324 225 :M
.52 .052(This authorization scheme satisfies our requirements)J
324 236 :M
2.694 .269(for document level permission granularity and)J
324 247 :M
-.023(unhindered file-system organization of served HTML)A
324 258 :M
4.281 .428(documents. Modification of document access)J
324 269 :M
.656 .066(permissions is accomplished by simply updating the)J
324 280 :M
1.25 .125(URL of the CTRL markup element to point to the)J
324 291 :M
-.061(new access-control specification file.)A
324 313 :M
f2_10 sf
1.108 .111(Document READ-WRITE)J
324 335 :M
f1_10 sf
1.518 .152(In our authorization model, our HTTP servers are)J
324 346 :M
(supported by a dedicated authorization service; it is to)S
324 357 :M
-.019(this service that all authorization requests are referred.)A
324 368 :M
1.016 .102(Authorization requests, issued by the HTTP server,)J
324 379 :M
2.459 .246(comprise the following elements of the original)J
324 390 :M
.309 .031(HTTP request: the METHOD, the CTRL-URL, and)J
324 401 :M
1.812 .181(the authenticated user-name. Authorization of the)J
324 412 :M
.523 .052(request is performed by retrieving the access control)J
324 423 :M
1.296 .13(file \(locally or via HTTP\) and comparing it to the)J
324 434 :M
1.778 .178(user-name and METHOD provided in the service)J
324 445 :M
.161 .016(request. A pass or fail message is then returned to the)J
324 456 :M
2.101 .21(HTTP server for further processing of the user's)J
324 467 :M
-.022(original HTTP request.)A
324 489 :M
f2_10 sf
-.016(Client-side document permission modification)A
324 511 :M
f1_10 sf
2.27 .227(Our model provides two client-side methods for)J
324 522 :M
.245 .024(editing document-permissions: modifying the CTRL-)J
324 533 :M
.965 .096(URL mark-up element in the underlying document,)J
324 544 :M
.089 .009(and editing of the CTRL-URL document itself. These)J
324 555 :M
-.026(correspond, respectively, to changing the access to the)A
324 566 :M
.594 .059(current document, and to altering permissions of the)J
324 577 :M
.04 .004(entire set of documents currently governed by a given)J
324 588 :M
.077(CTRL-URL.)A
324 610 :M
1.1 .11(The first is performed with the Save as... dialog in)J
324 621 :M
2.718 .272(the Phoenix client. The set permissions option,)J
324 632 :M
1.839 .184(available in this dialog, retrieves the CTRL-URL)J
324 643 :M
1.072 .107(\(GET-CTRL\) and parses it into a user and a group)J
324 654 :M
.052 .005(list. The parsed entries are displayed to the user in the)J
324 665 :M
2.947 .295(document permissions dialog, along with those)J
324 676 :M
1.555 .156(maintained for the user by the client in the user's)J
324 687 :M
1.697 .17(local .users and .groups file. Following the user's)J
324 698 :M
1.656 .166(selection of appropriate entries from the user and)J
324 709 :M
1.022 .102(group lists, the client issues a POST-CTRL service)J
endp
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f1_10 sf
2.599 .26(request for the revised list to the HTTP server)J
72 92 :M
2.829 .283(specified in the CTRL-URL. The HTTP server)J
72 103 :M
.725 .072(authenticates and authorizes the request, and checks)J
72 114 :M
.095 .009(for an existing permission specification matching that)J
72 125 :M
1.33 .133(defined in the request. If one is found, its URL is)J
72 136 :M
.153 .015(returned to the requesting client; if not, a new access-)J
72 147 :M
.46 .046(control document is generated and its URL returned.)J
72 158 :M
.274 .027(In each case, the CTRL-URL is returned to the client)J
72 169 :M
.241 .024(in the same POST-CTRL transaction.)J
72 191 :M
1.334 .133(The second method, performed independently of a)J
72 202 :M
.454 .045(particular document-editing session, is accomplished)J
72 213 :M
1.889 .189(through the \312Web Permissions\312 dialog. The client)J
72 224 :M
.583 .058(retrieves a specified CTRL-URL from its server and)J
72 235 :M
2.551 .255(updates it as above, then issues a POST-CTRL)J
72 246 :M
3.959 .396(service request. The server authenticates and)J
72 257 :M
1.437 .144(authorizes the request, and overwrites the existing)J
72 268 :M
.153 .015(control file with the newly submitted one.)J
84 301 :M
f0_10 sf
2.681 .268(APPLICATION OF PHOENIX IN THE)J
114 312 :M
3.772 .377(BIOLOGY CURRICULUM)J
72 334 :M
f1_10 sf
1.193 .119(It has long been a goal of instructional technology)J
72 345 :M
.35 .035(efforts to develop a "virtual classroom" that provides)J
72 356 :M
.66 .066(a forward looking, learner-directed exploratorium in)J
72 367 :M
2.934 .293(which students and teachers alike can explore,)J
72 378 :M
.693 .069(discover, communicate, collaborate, and learn. With)J
72 389 :M
.823 .082(the advent of the World Wide Web and sufficiently)J
72 400 :M
1.703 .17(powerful tools such as Phoenix, building such an)J
72 411 :M
2.459 .246(environment is now within reach. This section)J
72 422 :M
4.279 .428(describes our initial applications of Phoenix)J
72 433 :M
2.946 .295(technology to the Biological Sciences Division)J
72 444 :M
-.037(curriculum.)A
72 466 :M
.034 .003(In our efforts, we have sought:)J
72 488 :M
3.363 .336(\245to develop utilities that dynamically generate)J
72 499 :M
2.789 .279(personalized "home pages" on logging into the)J
72 510 :M
.885 .088(system. These home pages contain links to custom)J
72 521 :M
.29 .029(built and existing information targets that range from)J
72 532 :M
1.526 .153(the individualized personal information source \(a)J
72 543 :M
.504 .05(student's independent research project, for example\),)J
72 554 :M
.585 .059(to shared group targets \(a class home page\), to local)J
72 565 :M
-.005(and remote information servers \(a library catalogue or)A
72 576 :M
-.174(remote database\);)A
72 598 :M
3.496 .35(\245to provide default frameworks for presenting)J
72 609 :M
2.403 .24(common information constructs, such as a class)J
72 620 :M
-.041(home page;)A
72 642 :M
1.909 .191(\245to build these default frameworks in a way that)J
72 653 :M
2.953 .295(permits easy enhancement and modification by)J
72 664 :M
-.09(individual faculty and students;)A
72 686 :M
1.581 .158(\245to scale this framework to support the Division's)J
72 697 :M
.249 .025(entire class offerings -- over 100 classes serving over)J
72 708 :M
-.042(1700 students per term; and)A
324 81 :M
.191 .019(\245to provide a series of shared information utilities \(an)J
324 92 :M
(Image Archive, for example\) that users can contribute)S
324 103 :M
1.856 .186(to and draw from in support of the teaching and)J
324 114 :M
-.046(learning process.)A
324 136 :M
.838 .084(From these objectives, we have implemented a first)J
324 147 :M
3.279 .328(generation )J
f2_10 sf
3.85 .385(Class Information Architecture\312)J
f1_10 sf
.77(that)A
324 158 :M
.113 .011(includes script-generated Class Home Pages and a set)J
324 169 :M
2.716 .272(of supporting information retrieval utilities that)J
324 180 :M
-.01(operate within this framework.)A
324 202 :M
.753 .075(At the beginning of each academic term, a series of)J
324 213 :M
-.028(scripts uses a data feed from the University's Office of)A
324 224 :M
1.032 .103(the Registrar to build default Home Pages for each)J
324 235 :M
1.447 .145(class offered in the BSD during that term. These)J
324 246 :M
1.287 .129(Home Pages contain appropriate graphical banners)J
324 257 :M
1.004 .1(that are built up from a series of elemental graphic)J
324 268 :M
1.015 .102(constructs \(subject headings, course numbers, etc.\).)J
324 279 :M
2.599 .26(In addition, these banners are also links to the)J
324 290 :M
2.788 .279(corresponding target's home page \(a high level)J
324 301 :M
.162 .016(graphics for the BSD Office of Academic Computing)J
324 312 :M
.157 .016(for example, points to the BSDAC home page\).)J
324 334 :M
2.579 .258(The principal content of the Class Home Page,)J
324 345 :M
1.987 .199(however, is a set of standard headings and links)J
324 356 :M
-.041(representing the following areas:)A
324 378 :M
-.07(\245Course Instructor)A
324 389 :M
.093 .009(\245Course Syllabus)J
324 400 :M
-.034(\245Class Announcements)A
324 411 :M
(\245Class Notes)S
324 433 :M
.668 .067(With the exception of the Course Instructor heading)J
324 444 :M
.494 .049(\(which points to the appropriate faculty biographical)J
324 455 :M
1.772 .177(HTML target page\), the targets for each of these)J
324 466 :M
1.929 .193(headings/anchors is a blank page. It is up to the)J
324 477 :M
1.125 .112(course instructor\(s\) to create and add structure and)J
324 488 :M
1.128 .113(content to this sub-web. Of course, with the aid of)J
324 499 :M
.653 .065(the WYSIWYG editing functions in Phoenix, this is)J
324 510 :M
.266 .027(now an simple routine.)J
324 532 :M
2.285 .228(For example, an instructor may wish to use the)J
324 543 :M
.123 .012(\(initially blank\) target page of the Class Notes anchor)J
324 554 :M
.824 .082(to build a simple notes index based on lecture date.)J
324 565 :M
.518 .052(Alternatively, an instructor could choose to organize)J
324 576 :M
.574 .057(his/her class notes using a subject-based framework.)J
324 587 :M
2.686 .269(The ability for the instructor to decide how to)J
324 598 :M
1.527 .153(organize and present this information represents a)J
324 609 :M
.407 .041(deliberate effort on our part to provide some level of)J
324 620 :M
.985 .098(consistent structure \(allowing automated generation)J
324 631 :M
.694 .069(and maintenance of a framework\) while at the same)J
324 642 :M
.636 .064(time giving the users the ability to "personalize" the)J
324 653 :M
.202(structure.\312)A
324 675 :M
2.872 .287(An additional feature of the Class Home Page)J
324 686 :M
.021 .002(construct is the inclusion of a searchable WAIS-index)J
324 697 :M
1.557 .156(of the class' sub-directories. With this, a user can)J
324 708 :M
1.28 .128(search for any text string within that Class' Notes,)J
endp
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f1_10 sf
1.897 .19(Announcements, Syllabus, etc. After a search is)J
72 92 :M
1.082 .108(specified, Phoenix returns the results by appending)J
72 103 :M
.832 .083(the hits, an anchor to the target destination, and the)J
72 114 :M
1.156 .116(content of the Head element, onto the Class Home)J
72 125 :M
.506 .051(page. In this way, searching and navigating through)J
72 136 :M
4.152 .415(what can become a large amount of course)J
72 147 :M
-.006(information becomes easy and intuitive.)A
72 169 :M
.904 .09(From a user's perspective, Phoenix uses its security)J
72 180 :M
3.287 .329(features along with daily data feeds from the)J
72 191 :M
1.513 .151(Registrar's office to generate \(using scripts\) users')J
72 202 :M
1.428 .143(home pages. These pages, which we call a user's)J
72 213 :M
.793 .079("Nest," contain a series of links that range from the)J
72 224 :M
.371 .037(personal \(a User's Personal home page\) to the shared)J
72 235 :M
2.16 .216(\(the list of classes in which the user is either a)J
72 246 :M
.144 .014(student or instructor\), to the general \(the BSDAC and)J
72 257 :M
1.714 .171(University's Home page, general Internet sources,)J
72 268 :M
(etc.\).)S
72 290 :M
4.763 .476(With this functionality, Phoenix provides a)J
72 301 :M
1.32 .132(personalized distributed computing environment to)J
72 312 :M
1.29 .129(the user. Because Phoenix "knows" the classes in)J
72 323 :M
-.016(which a student is enrolled and provides links to those)A
72 334 :M
.5 .05(classes' home pages, the system becomes a powerful)J
72 345 :M
.573 .057(platform to support a secure, distributed hypermedia)J
72 356 :M
.044 .004(authoring environment.)J
72 378 :M
2.518 .252(Currently, three pilot courses \(an undergraduate)J
72 389 :M
3.52 .352(molecular biocomputing course, a upper level)J
72 400 :M
1.112 .111(genetics course, and a medical school immunology)J
72 411 :M
1.178 .118(course\) either have used or are using Phoenix as a)J
72 422 :M
1.289 .129(Class Information Architecture. Anecdotal reports)J
72 433 :M
3.291 .329(from these users have been very positive. As)J
72 444 :M
1.08 .108(additional Phoenix features are added \(WYSIWYG)J
72 455 :M
2.05 .205(image editing, for example\), we will make them)J
72 466 :M
.391 .039(available for testing by additional pilot courses. Our)J
72 477 :M
4.437 .444(plan is to have by Fall the Phoenix Class)J
72 488 :M
1.446 .145(Information Architecture configured and ready for)J
72 499 :M
.421 .042(adoption by the roughly 100 classes offered during a)J
72 510 :M
.23 .023(given term.)J
72 532 :M
.038 .004(With these efforts, we are working to make Phoenix a)J
72 543 :M
4.832 .483(true "virtual classroom," able to support a)J
72 554 :M
-.059(collaborative learning environment where students can)A
72 565 :M
.848 .085(acquire and practice the skills needed to access and)J
72 576 :M
1.246 .125(manage information, formulate effective questions,)J
72 587 :M
1.654 .165(test hypotheses, solve problems, make judgments,)J
72 598 :M
-.047(and express themselves logically and lucidly.)A
120 653 :M
f0_10 sf
.564(ACKNOWLEDGMENTS)A
72 675 :M
f1_10 sf
2.923 .292(The authors wish to thank the BSD Academic)J
72 686 :M
1.985 .199(Computing staff and student assistants who have)J
72 697 :M
3.139 .314(contributed, and continue to contribute, to the)J
72 708 :M
2.269 .227(development and implementation of the Phoenix)J
324 81 :M
2.412 .241(Project. Special appreciation is extended to Lee)J
324 92 :M
1.853 .185(Newberg and to Phillip Stylianos, without whose)J
324 103 :M
.146 .015(contribution Phoenix would be but still a dream.)J
endp
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